2 10 13 https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/f89dc46805bcd46a80bcec07996d2aaa.jpg ca24584683e51942799ee31e6fdc4e27 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 476 Height 600 Bit Depth 8 Channels 1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A black and white photograph shows Thomas Edison, seated, demonstrating his phonograph in April, 1878. Courtesy of <a title="Wikimedia Commons" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a>. https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/5fe9857fec1908109c136cc7b28b4d66.gif f7e87bff7e536628eb75dcde0bb92fa5 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 760 Height 1171 Bit Depth 3 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Page image of "The Phonograph and its Future". https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/1db00e6ca7acb28dcdee4712927f37d6.gif 04f9a530ccef21d8312608cfb8892575 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 760 Height 1171 Bit Depth 3 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Second page image of "The Phonograph and its Future". Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1880 to 1901 Description An account of the resource Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. Books .—Books may be read by the charitably-inclined professional reader, or by such readers especially employed for that purpose, and the record of such book used in the asylums of the blind, hospitals, the sick-chamber, or even with great profit and amusement by the lady or gentleman whose eyes and hands may be otherwise employed; or, again, because of the greater enjoyment to be had from a book when read by an elocutionist than when read by the average reader. The ordinary record-sheet, repeating this book from fifty to a hundred times as it will, would command a price that would pay the original reader well for the slightly-increased difficulty in reading it aloud in the phonograph. (533) * * * * * Phonographic Books.—A book of 40,000 words upon a single metal plate ten inches square thus becomes a strong probability. The advantages of such books over those printed are too readily seen to need mention. Such books would be listened to where now none are read. They would preserve more than the mental emanations of the brain of the author; and, as a bequest to future generations, they would be unequaled. For the preservation of languages they would be invaluable. (534) * * * * * Every one of these uses the perfected phonograph is now ready to carry out. I may add that, through the facility with which it stores up and reproduces music of all sorts, or whistling and recitations, it can be employed to furnish constant amusement to invalids, or to social assemblies, at receptions, dinners, etc. Any one sitting in his room alone may order an assorted supply of wax cylinders inscribed with songs, poems, piano or violin music, short stories, anecdotes, or dialect pieces, and, by putting them on his phonograph, he can listen to them as originally sung or recited by authors, vocalists and actors, or elocutionists. The variety of entertainment he thus commands, at trifling expense and without moving from his chair, is practically unlimited. Music by a band, in fact whole operas, can be stored up on the cylinders, and the voice of Patti singing in England can thus be heard again on this side of the ocean, or preserved for future generations. On four cylinders eight inches long, with a diameter of five, I can put the whole of “Nicholas Nickleby” in phonogram form. (646) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Talking Books Description An account of the resource Thomas Edison’s phonograph was the first machine to reproduce the human voice. In December 1877, Edison’s associates assembled a device on which Edison recorded the words of the nursery rhyme “Mary Had a Little Lamb.” The prototype consisted of a sheet of tinfoil wrapped around a grooved cylinder and rotated with a hand crank. Speech created indentations in the tinfoil (and, later, wax cylinders) that could be played back afterward. Phonograph demonstrations entertained audiences throughout the country by playing recitations, songs, music, and random noises such as whistling or whooping. Edison proposed using the phonograph to read aloud to people with disabilities in a promotional essay written for the North American Review. The essay identifies numerous uses for the phonograph including playing music, dictating letters, teaching elocution, animating dolls, recording courtroom testimony, preserving the last words of dying relatives, conserving the speeches of famous orators, and enabling clocks to announce the hours of the day. It also proposes using the phonograph as a reading machine: “Books may be read by the charitably-inclined professional reader, or by such readers especially employed for that purpose, and the record of such book used in the asylums of the blind, hospitals, the sick-chamber, or even with great profit and amusement by the lady or gentleman whose eyes and hands may be otherwise employed; or, again, because of the greater enjoyment to be had from a book when read by an elocutionist than when read by the average reader” (533). Edison envisioned books being read aloud to people with disabilities who were unable to read for themselves as well as people without disabilities who preferred listening to books recited by a professional narrator. He later described such recordings as “phonographic books, which would speak to blind people without effort on their part” (646). Edison’s prediction of a talking book was ahead of its time in the 1870s and 1880s. His idea was to record books of approximately 40,000 words on a single plate measuring ten inches square. Edison later proposed recording Charles Dickens’s Nicholas Nickleby on four wax cylinders. Yet tinfoil and wax cylinders could only play a few minutes of speech at a time. Recording an entire Dickens novel required hundreds of wax cylinders. It would be impossible to record an entire novel until advances in the field of sound recording made by the film and radio industries in the twentieth century. The American Foundation for the Blind and Library of Congress recorded the first books for people with vision impairments in 1934. These recordings, known as “talking books,” consisted of a book read aloud onto a set of long-playing phonograph records. The Library of Congress hailed the talking book program as the realization of Edison’s ambition to read aloud to people who were blind. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived <ul><li>Edison, Thomas A. “The Phonograph and its Future.” North American Review 126 (May 1878): 527-36.</li> <li>Edison, Thomas A. “The Perfected Phonograph.” North American Review 379 (June 1888): 641-50.</li> </ul> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1878, 1888 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Matthew Rubery Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource A black and white photograph shows Thomas Edison, seated, demonstrating his phonograph in April, 1878. Courtesy of <a title="Wikimedia Commons" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edison_and_phonograph_edit1.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a>. Relation A related resource <ul><li>Camlot, Jason. “Early Talking Books: Spoken Recordings and Recitation Anthologies, 1880-1920.” Book History 6 (2003): 147-73.</li> <li>Gitelman, Lisa. Always Already New: Media, History, and the Data of Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006. 25-44. </li> <li>Israel, Paul. Edison: A Life of Invention. New York: John Wiley, 1998. </li> <li>Koestler, Frances A. The Unseen Minority: A Social History of Blindness in the United States. New York: David McKay Company, 1976.</li> </ul> Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Edison, Thomas Audio Culture Blindness Technology Thomas Edison https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/681c4799c738f2a09e88e9334bc7738c.jpg 9e3c71dfb90abb524079ee9eb15a8d32 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 795 Height 400 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String copyright_notice:Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html byline:Wellcome Images object_name:V0048744 An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muy headline:V0048744 An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridg caption:V0048744 An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridg Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridge, 1887. 1887 By: Eadweard Muybridge and University of Pennsylvania.Published: 1887 Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html IPTC Array a:5:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:123:"Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";s:6:"byline";s:15:"Wellcome Images";s:11:"object_name";s:64:"V0048744 An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muy";s:8:"headline";s:69:"V0048744 An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridg";s:7:"caption";s:439:"V0048744 An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridg Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk An amputee on crutches. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridge, 1887. 1887 By: Eadweard Muybridge and University of Pennsylvania.Published: 1887 Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";} Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource In a series of photographs presented in a table with three columns and twelve rows, a naked man who is missing one foot walks on crutches. https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/0b12d75567f6e0ba28e58a1a8d2ede97.jpg ec9ad0500e9c4448cadf23fc46e2f63d Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 788 Height 286 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String copyright_notice:Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html byline:Wellcome Images object_name:V0048745 A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending fro headline:V0048745 A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a c caption:V0048745 A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a c Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a chair and moving. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridge, 1887. 1887 By: Eadweard Muybridge and University of Pennsylvania.Published: 1887 Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html IPTC Array a:5:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:123:"Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";s:6:"byline";s:15:"Wellcome Images";s:11:"object_name";s:64:"V0048745 A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending fro";s:8:"headline";s:69:"V0048745 A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a c";s:7:"caption";s:492:"V0048745 A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a c Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a chair and moving. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridge, 1887. 1887 By: Eadweard Muybridge and University of Pennsylvania.Published: 1887 Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";} Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource In a series of black and white photographs presented in a table with three rows and four columns, a disabled child crawls on and off a chair. https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/256b4df7d4b118277568f467a48e5455.jpg d101bfd0e729b8a45e2f2956efa01e40 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 778 Height 475 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String copyright_notice:Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html byline:Wellcome Images object_name:L0015804 Muybridge "Animal locomotion"; deformed child headline:L0015804 Muybridge "Animal locomotion"; deformed child caption:L0015804 Muybridge "Animal locomotion"; deformed child Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk Deformed child walking on arms and legs. 1887 By: University of Pennsylvania. and Eadweard MuybridgeAnimal locomotion Eadweard James Muybridge Published: 1887 Printed: 1887) Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html IPTC Array a:5:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:123:"Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";s:6:"byline";s:15:"Wellcome Images";s:11:"object_name";s:54:"L0015804 Muybridge "Animal locomotion"; deformed child";s:8:"headline";s:54:"L0015804 Muybridge "Animal locomotion"; deformed child";s:7:"caption";s:454:"L0015804 Muybridge "Animal locomotion"; deformed child Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk Deformed child walking on arms and legs. 1887 By: University of Pennsylvania. and Eadweard MuybridgeAnimal locomotion Eadweard James Muybridge Published: 1887 Printed: 1887) Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";} Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource In a series of photographs with three rows and four columns, a disabled child crawls. His ribs are visible and he crawls on his feet rather than on his knees. In some of the photographs he smiles. https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/f59c80a96337e730fa87f0ada60f8c82.jpg 41033c53a1844abb8a296378b2240955 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 635 Height 375 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String copyright_notice:Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html byline:Wellcome Images object_name:L0050336 A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking headline:L0050336 A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking with caption:L0050336 A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking with Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking with a nurse. Collotype after Eadweard Muybridge, 1887. One of 781 collotypes which form Eadweard Muybridge\'s magnum opus, Animal locomotion, 1887. This work originated in an attempt to settle the argument which arose in 1871 between Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific Railroad, and Robert Bonner, owner of the New York Ledger, as to whether a trotting horse ever had all four feet off the ground at once. Both men were prepared to enter the controversy fully and to contribute ideas and practical means to prove his side of the argument. Muybridge\'s solution was to photograph each stage in the trot of a horse called Occident owned by Stanford. Some of Muybridge\'s photographs did appear to show Occident with all four of his feet lifted at the same time clear of the ground. The research and photography for Animal Locomotion was carried out for the University of Pennsylvania in 1884-1885, using and improving the techniques developed in the 1870s. Of the 781 plates, 95 were devoted to the horse and 124 to other animals. The other 562 are devoted to men, women, and children, nude, semi-nude, and draped, walking, running, dancing, getting up and lying down, wrestling, boxing, leaping, etc. For further information see G. Hendricks, Eadweard Muybrige, London 1975, and R.B. Haas, Muybridge: man in motion, Berkeley 1976 Plate to: E. Muybridge, Animal locomotion, Philadelphia 1887, plate 541 1887 By: University of Pennsylvania. and Eadweard MuybridgePublished: 1887 Printed: 1887) Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html IPTC Array a:5:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:123:"Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";s:6:"byline";s:15:"Wellcome Images";s:11:"object_name";s:64:"L0050336 A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking ";s:8:"headline";s:68:"L0050336 A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking with";s:7:"caption";s:1860:"L0050336 A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking with Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking with a nurse. Collotype after Eadweard Muybridge, 1887. One of 781 collotypes which form Eadweard Muybridge\'s magnum opus, Animal locomotion, 1887. This work originated in an attempt to settle the argument which arose in 1871 between Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific Railroad, and Robert Bonner, owner of the New York Ledger, as to whether a trotting horse ever had all four feet off the ground at once. Both men were prepared to enter the controversy fully and to contribute ideas and practical means to prove his side of the argument. Muybridge\'s solution was to photograph each stage in the trot of a horse called Occident owned by Stanford. Some of Muybridge\'s photographs did appear to show Occident with all four of his feet lifted at the same time clear of the ground. The research and photography for Animal Locomotion was carried out for the University of Pennsylvania in 1884-1885, using and improving the techniques developed in the 1870s. Of the 781 plates, 95 were devoted to the horse and 124 to other animals. The other 562 are devoted to men, women, and children, nude, semi-nude, and draped, walking, running, dancing, getting up and lying down, wrestling, boxing, leaping, etc. For further information see G. Hendricks, Eadweard Muybrige, London 1975, and R.B. Haas, Muybridge: man in motion, Berkeley 1976 Plate to: E. Muybridge, Animal locomotion, Philadelphia 1887, plate 541 1887 By: University of Pennsylvania. and Eadweard MuybridgePublished: 1887 Printed: 1887) Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";} Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource In a series of black and white photographs, a naked woman with an orthopaedic disability walks with the aid of a clothed attendant. The photographs are presented in a table with three rows and twelve columns. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1880 to 1901 Description An account of the resource Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photograph Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Animal Locomotion Description An account of the resource In 1887, <a title="Wikipedia Muybridge Entry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" target="_blank">Eadweard Muybridge</a> (1830-1904), the American photographer, published Animal Locomotion: An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movement, an eleven-volume collection of photographs of instantaneous or consecutive movement. It features photographs of ‘abnormal movement,’ including: An amputee on crutches, <a title="Wellcome Catalogue" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1185959" target="_blank">plate 537</a>; A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a chair and moving, <a title="Wellcome Catalogue" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1185960" target="_blank">plate 538</a>; Deformed child walking on arms and legs,<a title="Wellcome Images" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1658436" target="_blank"> plate 539</a>; A girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis walking with a nurse, <a title="Wellcome Library Catalogue" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1185962" target="_blank">plate 541</a>. Figures were photographed without clothes, allowing for the unobstructed scrutiny of their bodies, and in front of grids, which invited viewers to treat the pictures as scientific studies. In Animal Locomotion, Muybridge arranged his photographs according to a hierarchy, with male and female nudes presented in the first volumes, followed by draped males and females, then children. Volume 8, which was devoted to the abnormal movements of males, females and children, appeared ahead of photographs of animals, domestic and wild. By arranging the photographs in this way, Muybridge positioned those with disabilities lower than those with ‘healthy’ bodies and just above animals. He also included photographs of athletes, which juxtaposed his photographs of the disabled, in turn reflecting late nineteenth-century conceptions of health and beauty, which proved especially relevant for artists and scientists of the day. Muybridge is considered to be an important figure in the history of photography and cinema. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Muybridge, Eadweard Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1887 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Keren Hammerschlag Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Four series of photographs, each with between twelve and forty five frames, show people with disabilities, naked, in various stages of locomotion.  There is a man on crutches walking, a man with no legs getting on and off a chair, a disabled child crawling, and a woman with an orthopaedic disability walking with the aid of a clothed attendant.  Eadweard Muybridge, Animal Locomotion: An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements.  Courtesy of the <a title="Wellcome Images" href="http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/" target="_blank">Wellcome Library, London</a> under a Creative Commons License (<a title="Wellcome Library Catalogue" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1185959" target="_blank">Wellcome Library no. 28116</a>i; <a title="Wellcome Library Catalogue" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1185960" target="_blank">Wellcome Library no. 28117i</a>; <a title="Wellcome Library Catalogue" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1185961" target="_blank">Wellcome Library no. 28118i</a>; and <a title="Wellcome Library Catalogue" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1185962" target="_blank">Wellcome Library no. 28119i</a>). Relation A related resource <ul> <li>Eadweard Muybridge, Animal Locomotion: An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movements. 1872-1885. 11 vols., 781 plates. Philadelphia: University of Pennslyvania, 1887.</li> <li>Philip Brookman, with contributions by Martha Braun, Andy Grundberg, Corey Keller, Rebecca Solnit, Eadweard Muybridge, exhibition catalogue, London: Tate Publishing, 2010.</li> <li>Eadweard Muybridge:  Defining Modernities. Kingston University and Kingston Museum, UK.  <a title="Eadweard Muybridge Site" href="http://www.eadweardmuybridge.co.uk/" target="_blank">http://www.eadweardmuybridge.co.uk/</a></li> </ul> Childhood Eadweard Muybridge Invalidism Mobility Photography Visual Culture https://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/files/original/78e981d9936899a347106d72adaef088.jpg 7b203ac401640e93e2df0502b6633d77 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 378 Height 532 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC String copyright_notice:Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html byline:Wellcome Images object_name:V0015892 A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog headline:V0015892 A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog with caption:V0015892 A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog with Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog with a begging bowl. Etching by J.T. Smith, 1816. 1816 By: John Thomas SmithPublished: 30 April 1816 Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html IPTC Array a:5:{s:16:"copyright_notice";s:123:"Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";s:6:"byline";s:15:"Wellcome Images";s:11:"object_name";s:64:"V0015892 A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog";s:8:"headline";s:69:"V0015892 A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog with";s:7:"caption";s:452:"V0015892 A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog with Credit: Wellcome Library, London. Wellcome Images images@wellcome.ac.uk http://images.wellcome.ac.uk A blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog with a begging bowl. Etching by J.T. Smith, 1816. 1816 By: John Thomas SmithPublished: 30 April 1816 Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc 2.0 UK, see http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html";} Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource In this black and white etching, a blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog, who carries a begging bowl. Etching by J.T. Smith, 1816. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1880 to 1901 Description An account of the resource Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Text Any textual data included in the document. He stands, a patient figure, where the crowd Heaves to and fro; a sound is in his ears As of a vexed sea roaring, and he hears In darkness, as a dead man in his shroud. Patient he stands, with age and sorrow bowed, And holds a piteous hat of ancient years; And in his face and gesture there appears The desperate humbleness of poor men proud What thoughts are his, as, with the inward sight, He sees the glad unheeding Fair go by? Is the long darkness darker for that light And sorrow nearer when such mirth is nigh? Patient, alone, he stands from morn to night, Pleading in his reproachful misery. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 'The Blind Beggar' Description An account of the resource When <a title="Arthur Symons Wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Symons" target="_blank">Arthur Symons</a> (1865-1945) published his sonnet “The Blind Beggar” in 1892, he added to an already large body of literature that links the experience of visual disability with begging.  Noteworthy among texts from the period that portray blind beggars is William Wordsworth’s posthumously published autobiographical poem <a title="The Prelude" href="http://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/items/show/11" target="_self">The Prelude</a> (1805, 1850). Whereas Wordsworth’s sighted speaker experiences an epiphany about the limitations of human knowledge while looking at a blind man, Symons’ speaker is far less assured and comes away from his encounter with a blind beggar with questions instead of answers.  Whereas for Wordsworth’s speaker, the blind man is useful both for how he prompts the speaker to greater insight and for the way in which he conveniently embodies human experience, for Symons’ speaker, the encounter with a blind man prompts him to wonder about the mental and emotional life of the blind man and about the blind man’s experience of social isolation.  Interested both in the experience of sensory disability and in the social marginalization and financial dependency that the poem attributes to the beggar’s disability, the speaker leaves the questions he asks unanswered.   He produces, nonetheless, a detailed, predictable and problematic portrait of the blind beggar.  The beggar, who is characterized by both the poem’s final word, “misery,” and by the thrice-repeated adjective “patient,” is isolated from the carefree crowd, described as “the glad unheeding Fair.”  Symons’ characterization of the blind man as passive is most apparent, and most troubling, in a simile that compares the blind man to a corpse.  Imagining the sensory experiences of a blind person, Symons’ speaker proposes that the blind man “hears/ In darkness, as a dead man in his shroud.”  While the simile enacts a doubling of the blind man’s disability, suggesting that the blind man can neither see nor hear, it is most remarkable for its disturbing identification of disability with death.  The poem, characterized by its mix of dehumanizing and empathetic statements, is usefully read in relation not only to other poems that feature blind beggars but also in relation to prose commentaries on the presence of blind beggars in nineteenth-century city streets.  When Charles Lamb defended the rights of blind beggars in his 1822 essay “A Complaint of the Decay of Beggars in the Metropolis,” he argued against campaigns to remove blind beggars from the streets, asserting that the claims being made on private charity by visually disabled men were legitimate and that freedom of movement and social contact with a wider community were highly valued by, and beneficial to, people with visual disabilities.  In contrast, Andrew Halliday, writing in Volume 4 of London Labour and the London Poor (1851-1861), commended the London Mendicity Society, an organization whose aim was to bring an end to public begging, in part by encouraging police to arrest street beggars.  While Halliday views “blind men and cripples” as having a more legitimate claim than most beggars to public sympathy and charity, he is ill at ease with the presence of some beggars in public places.  He writes: “The officers of the Mendicity Society have cleared the streets of nearly all the impostors, and the few who remain are blind men and cripples […] I cannot think, however, that the police exercise a wise discretion in permitting some of the more hideous of these beggars to infest the street” (4:431-3). Focused on a personage who was arguably the public face of visual disability in the nineteenth century, the blind street beggar, Symons’ sonnet contributed not only to a well-established literary tradition of linking blindness with begging but also to an important and ongoing debate about begging, charitable giving and the presence of impoverished visually disabled people on Britain’s public streets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Symons, Arthur Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Symons, Arthur “The Blind Beggar” (1892). Poems by Arthur Symons. Vol. 1. London: Heinemann, 1927. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1892 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Vanessa Warne Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource In this black and white etching, a blind beggar walks past two figures guided by his dog, who carries a begging bowl. Etching by J.T. Smith, 1816. Courtesy <a title="Wellcome Images" href="http://images.wellcome.ac.uk/" target="_blank">Wellcome Library, London</a> under a Creative Commons License (<a title="Wellcome Library" href="http://catalogue.wellcomelibrary.org/record=b1174340" target="_blank">Wellcome Library no. 16453i</a>). Relation A related resource <ul> <li>Lamb, Charles.  “A Complaint of the Decay of Beggars in the Metropolis.” Essays of Elia and Last Essays of Elia.  London: J.M. Dent, 1972. 134-41</li> <li>Mayhew, Henry.  London Labour and the London Poor.  4 vols. 1861-62.  Reprint.  New York: Dover, 1968.</li> <li>Warne, Vanessa.  “Clearing the Streets: Blindness and Begging in Henry Mayhew’s London Labour and the London Poor.” City Limits: Perspectives on the Historical European City. Glenn Clark, Judith Owens, and Greg Smith eds.  Montreal: McGill-Queen’s UP, 2010.</li> <li>Wordsworth, William.  <a title="The Prelude" href="http://www.nineteenthcenturydisability.org/items/show/11" target="_self">“The Prelude [Excerpt],” </a>  Annotated by Vanessa Warne.  Nineteenth-Century Disability: A Digital Reader.  </li> </ul> Arthur Symons Blindness Class Literature Poetry William Wordsworth